Blog › 小学 (6–12岁) › 成长型思维对固定型思维：P1至P6家长实用指南
Key Takeaways
Process praise — naming the specific strategy a child used — is significantly more effective than effort praise ('you worked hard') and dramatically better than intelligence praise ('you're so smart').
Children praised for intelligence after success subsequently choose easier tasks, persist less, and enjoy challenges less — the opposite of what parents intend.
Saying 'not yet' in isolation has near-zero effect on academic outcomes; it only works when paired with a concrete strategy for how to improve.
Research Data
Percentage choosing a challenging task after receiving each type of praise. Dweck lab experiments; replicated across 43 mindset studies (Psychological Science meta-analysis, 2019).
Children praised for intelligence subsequently chose easier tasks and showed less persistence — children praised for specific strategies made the opposite choices. The effect holds across 43 mindset intervention studies (Psychological Science, 2019).
很少有教育理念像卡罗·德韦克的成长型思维框架传播得如此迅速。自她2006年出版《思维模式》以来，这一概念已被全球的教师培训、补习课程和育儿建议所吸收，在新加坡尤其如此。
问题是，成长型思维的流行版本已与研究相距甚远，家长试图应用它的一些最常见方式要么无效，要么适得其反。
德韦克的核心发现：相信自己智能固定的孩子面对挫折的反应与相信能力可以通过努力发展的孩子不同。关键的是，研究发现成人如何表扬孩子会改变孩子形成哪种思维。
比较：
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